1. Which pigment predominates in members of Rhodophyceae?
(a) Chlorophyll a and b
(b) Fucoxanthin
(c) r-phycoerythrin
(d) Chlorophyll a and c
2. In which algal class is food stored as laminarin or mannitol?
(a) Chlorophyceae
(b) Phaeophyceae
(c) Rhodophyceae
(d) None of these
3. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because:
(a) They are aquatic
(b) They depend on water for sexual reproduction
(c) They possess vascular tissue
(d) They produce seeds
4. The dominant phase in the life cycle of pteridophytes is:
(a) Gametophyte
(b) Sporophyte
(c) Protonema
(d) Prothallus
5. Assertion (A): Gymnosperms are called naked-seeded plants.
Reason (R): Ovules in gymnosperms are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed before and after fertilisation.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
6. Assertion (A): Algae perform more than half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth.
Reason (R): Algae are the primary producers of energy-rich compounds in aquatic ecosystems.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
7. Which of the following is a heterosporous pteridophyte?
(a) Dryopteris
(b) Selaginella
(c) Equisetum
(d) Pteris
8. Pyrenoids in green algae contain:
(a) Starch only
(b) Protein besides starch
(c) Oil droplets only
(d) Floridean starch
9. The first organisms to colonise bare rocks along with lichens are:
(a) Algae
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Mosses
(d) Gymnosperms
10. In angiosperms, pollen grains and ovules develop in:
(a) Cones
(b) Flowers
(c) Strobili
(d) Sporangia
11. Differentiate between isogamous and oogamous reproduction in algae with one example of each.
12. What is the stored food in Rhodophyceae? How does it differ structurally from starch?
13. Why are bryophytes unable to complete their sexual reproduction without water?
14. Name the two classes into which angiosperms are divided. Give one example of each.
15. What are coralloid roots? In which gymnosperm are they found and what is their function?
16. State two ecological roles of mosses.
17. Describe the three main classes of algae giving one example and one characteristic pigment for each.
18. Explain the structure of a typical bryophyte plant body. How is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte?
19. What is heterospory? Give two examples from pteridophytes and mention its evolutionary significance.
20. List any three economic uses of algae.
21. Differentiate between liverworts and mosses on the basis of (i) plant body, (ii) sex organs location, and (iii) sporophyte complexity.
22. Describe the life cycle of a moss (Funaria) with the help of a labelled diagram. Highlight the alternation of generations.
23. Compare the characteristic features of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae with respect to pigments, stored food, cell wall composition, flagella and habitat (use a table).
24. Describe the important characteristics of gymnosperms. How do they differ from angiosperms in the structure of ovules and seeds?
25. Passage: “Algae are useful to man in a variety of ways. At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis. Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food. Agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria is used to grow microbes and in ice-creams and jellies. Chlorella is used as a protein-rich food supplement by space travellers.”
(a) Name the commercial product obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.
(b) Which alga is used as a food supplement by space travellers?
(c) State two ways in which algae contribute to aquatic ecosystems.
(d) Name any two marine algae mentioned that are used directly as human food.
26. Passage: “Bryophytes play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks. They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Sphagnum provides peat used as fuel and as packing material due to its high water-holding capacity. Mosses reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.”
(a) Why are bryophytes considered important in ecological succession?
(b) Which moss provides peat and for what two purposes is it used?
(c) How do mosses help in preventing soil erosion?
(d) Why are bryophytes dependent on water for sexual reproduction even though they grow on land?
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (a)
6. (a)
7. (b)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (b)
11. Isogamy: fusion of two similar-sized, flagellated gametes (Ulothrix) — 1 mark; Oogamy: fusion of large non-motile female gamete and small motile male gamete (Volvox) — 1 mark.
12. Floridean starch — 1 mark; similar to amylopectin and glycogen — 1 mark.
13. Antherozoids swim in water to reach archegonium — 2 marks.
14. Dicotyledons (e.g., mustard) and monocotyledons (e.g., maize) — 1+1 marks.
15. Specialised roots in Cycas associated with N₂-fixing cyanobacteria — 2 marks.
16. Colonise rocks; prevent soil erosion; form peat — any two (1+1).
17. Chlorophyceae: green algae, chlorophyll a & b (Chlamydomonas) — 1 mark; Phaeophyceae: brown algae, fucoxanthin (Fucus) — 1 mark; Rhodophyceae: red algae, r-phycoerythrin (Polysiphonia) — 1 mark.
18. Thalloid/prostrate/erect body attached by rhizoids; lacks true roots/stems/leaves; sporophyte attached to and nourished by gametophyte — 3 marks.
19. Production of two kinds of spores (macro- and microspores) — 1 mark; examples: Selaginella, Salvinia — 1 mark; precursor to seed habit — 1 mark.
20. CO₂ fixation & O₂ release; primary producers; food (Porphyra); agar, algin, carrageen; protein supplement (Chlorella) — any three points.
21. Liverworts: thalloid/dorsiventral, gemma cups; Mosses: leafy upright, protonema stage; sporophyte more elaborate in mosses — 3 marks.
22. Protonema → leafy gametophyte → antheridia/archegonia → zygote → sporophyte (foot, seta, capsule) with labelled diagram description — 5 marks (diagram — 2, stages — 3).
23. Table with pigments, stored food, cell wall, flagella, habitat for three classes — 5 marks.
24. Naked ovules/seeds, heterospory, cones, reduced gametophytes, mycorrhiza/coralloid roots; angiosperms have flowers/fruits enclosing seeds — 5 marks.
25. (a) Agar — 1; (b) Chlorella — 1; (c) CO₂ fixation & primary producers/increase dissolved oxygen — 1; (d) Porphyra, Laminaria/Sargassum — 1.
26. (a) Pioneer colonisers of rocks — 1; (b) Sphagnum; fuel & packing material — 1; (c) Form dense mats reducing rain impact — 1; (d) Water needed for antherozoid movement — 1.
All questions are answerable from the NCERT chapter text. Reviewed by GFIS faculty.