1. The scrotum helps in maintaining the temperature of testes for spermatogenesis by keeping it:
(a) 2–2.5 °C higher than body temperature
(b) 2–2.5 °C lower than body temperature
(c) Same as body temperature
(d) 5 °C lower than body temperature
2. Leydig cells are located in:
(a) Seminiferous tubules
(b) Interstitial spaces of testis
(c) Epididymis
(d) Rete testis
3. Assertion (A): Spermatogonia are diploid cells that undergo mitotic divisions.
Reason (R): Primary spermatocytes are formed by mitosis of spermatogonia and undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
4. Assertion (A): The presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity.
Reason (R): Hymen can be torn due to sudden fall, insertion of tampon or participation in sports.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
5. The hormone responsible for inducing ovulation by causing LH surge is:
(a) FSH
(b) Estrogen
(c) LH
(d) Progesterone
6. The secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during:
(a) Menstrual phase
(b) Follicular phase
(c) Ovulatory phase
(d) Luteal phase
7. The acrosome of sperm contains:
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Enzymes that help in fertilisation
(c) Nucleus
(d) Tail fibres
8. The blastocyst gets embedded in the endometrium during:
(a) Fertilisation
(b) Cleavage
(c) Implantation
(d) Parturition
9. Which of the following hormones is secreted only during pregnancy?
(a) Estrogen
(b) hCG
(c) Progesterone
(d) FSH
10. The milk produced during the initial days of lactation is called:
(a) Colostrum
(b) Placental milk
(c) Corpus luteum secretion
(d) Amniotic fluid
11. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis with respect to the time of initiation and number of gametes formed.
12. Name the male accessory glands and state one function of their secretions.
13. What is the role of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
14. Why does menstruation not occur during pregnancy?
15. State two functions of the placenta.
16. What is spermiation? How is it different from spermiogenesis?
17. Describe the structure of a human sperm with the help of a labelled diagram description.
18. Explain the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis.
19. Draw a labelled diagrammatic representation of various events during the menstrual cycle and briefly describe the luteal phase.
20. What changes occur in the zygote immediately after fertilisation until implantation?
21. State the major features of embryonic development at the end of the first trimester and second trimester.
22. Describe the process of oogenesis with the help of a schematic representation. How is it different from spermatogenesis? (Diagram description required)
23. Explain the process of parturition. Describe the neuroendocrine mechanism involved in the induction of parturition.
24. Describe the male reproductive system with a labelled diagram description of the testis and associated ducts. Add a note on the functions of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
25. A couple is planning for a child. During counselling, the doctor explains that fertilisation occurs only when sperm and ovum reach the ampullary region simultaneously. The doctor also emphasises that the sex of the baby is determined by the father.
(a) Where exactly does fertilisation occur in the female reproductive tract? (1 mark)
(b) Why does the doctor say not every copulation leads to fertilisation? (1 mark)
(c) How is the sex of the baby determined by the father? Explain with chromosome pattern. (1 mark)
(d) What role does the acrosome play during fertilisation? (1 mark)
26. A pregnant woman visits a clinic in her fifth month. The doctor informs her about embryonic development milestones and advises on the importance of breastfeeding after delivery.
(a) What major developmental changes are observed by the fifth month? (1 mark)
(b) Name the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium. (1 mark)
(c) What is colostrum and why is it important for the newborn? (1 mark)
(d) State the role of oxytocin during parturition. (1 mark)
1. (b) — 1 mark
2. (b) — 1 mark
3. (a) — Both true and R explains A (A: mitotic increase; R: meiosis follows) — 1 mark
4. (a) — Both true and R explains A — 1 mark
5. (c) — LH surge — 1 mark
6. (c) — Ovulatory phase — 1 mark
7. (b) — Enzymes for fertilisation — 1 mark
8. (c) — Implantation — 1 mark
9. (b) — hCG — 1 mark
10. (a) — Colostrum — 1 mark
11. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty in testis; oogenesis starts in embryonic stage. Spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperms; oogenesis produces one ovum + polar bodies (2 marks: 1 for timing, 1 for outcome).
12. Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands. Secretions form seminal plasma rich in fructose, calcium, enzymes and provide lubrication (2 marks).
13. Finger-like projections of infundibulum that collect ovum after ovulation (2 marks).
14. Corpus luteum maintains progesterone levels; endometrium is maintained; no breakdown occurs (2 marks).
15. Supplies O₂ and nutrients; removes CO₂ and wastes; secretes hCG, hPL, progesterone (any two — 2 marks).
16. Spermiation: release of sperms from Sertoli cells. Spermiogenesis: transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa (2 marks).
17. Head (nucleus + acrosome), neck, middle piece (mitochondria), tail; plasma membrane covers all (definition — 1, parts — 1, function of each — 1).
18. GnRH from hypothalamus → LH and FSH from pituitary; LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete androgens; FSH stimulates Sertoli cells (3 marks: 1 each for GnRH, LH, FSH actions).
19. Diagram description: menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, luteal phases with hormone peaks. Luteal phase: corpus luteum secretes progesterone (3 marks).
20. Zygote → cleavage → 2,4,8,16 blastomeres → morula → blastocyst (trophoblast + inner cell mass) → implantation (3 marks).
21. End of first trimester: major organs formed, limbs and external genitalia developed. End of second trimester: body covered with fine hair, eyelids separate, eyelashes formed (3 marks).
22. Oogonia → primary oocyte → primary follicle → secondary → tertiary (antrum) → Graafian follicle → ovulation of secondary oocyte. Differences: timing, equal vs unequal divisions, number of gametes (5 marks: diagram description 2, process 2, differences 1).
23. Parturition: foetal ejection reflex → oxytocin release → stronger contractions → delivery. Hormones: foetal cortisol, placental estrogen, maternal oxytocin (5 marks).
24. Testis in scrotum, seminiferous tubules (Sertoli + germ cells), interstitial Leydig cells, ducts (rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens). Sertoli: nutrition; Leydig: androgens (5 marks: diagram description 2, description 2, functions 1).
25. (a) Ampullary region of fallopian tube — 1 mark
(b) Sperm and ovum must reach simultaneously — 1 mark
(c) Male produces X and Y sperms; XX = female, XY = male — 1 mark
(d) Enzymes help sperm penetrate zona pellucida — 1 mark
26. (a) First foetal movements, hair on head — 1 mark
(b) Progesterone — 1 mark
(c) Antibody-rich milk for immunity — 1 mark
(d) Causes stronger uterine contractions — 1 mark
All questions are answerable from the NCERT chapter text. Reviewed by GFIS faculty.