Question Bank — Body Fluids and Circulation

Section A — MCQs (1 mark each)

1. Which of the following is the most abundant protein in plasma that helps maintain osmotic balance?
   (a) Fibrinogen (b) Globulin (c) Albumin (d) Prothrombin

2. The graveyard of RBCs is:
   (a) Liver (b) Spleen (c) Bone marrow (d) Lymph node

3. Which blood cells are responsible for immune responses and are of B and T types?
   (a) Neutrophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Lymphocytes (d) Monocytes

4. A person with blood group AB can receive blood from:
   (a) Only AB (b) A and B (c) A, B, AB and O (d) Only O

5. Rh antigen is present on RBCs of approximately:
   (a) 20% humans (b) 50% humans (c) 80% humans (d) 100% humans

6. The pacemaker of the heart is:
   (a) AV node (b) SAN (c) Purkinje fibres (d) Bundle of His

7. The first heart sound ‘lub’ is produced due to:
   (a) Closure of semilunar valves (b) Closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves (c) Opening of semilunar valves (d) Atrial systole

8. Assertion (A): Group O blood can be donated to persons with any blood group.
   Reason (R): Group O individuals lack A and B antigens on RBCs and are called universal donors.
   (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
   (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
   (c) A is true but R is false.
   (d) A is false but R is true.

9. Assertion (A): Erythroblastosis foetalis can occur in the second pregnancy of an Rh–ve mother carrying an Rh+ve foetus.
   Reason (R): Rh antibodies formed in the mother after the first delivery can cross the placenta and destroy foetal RBCs.
   (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
   (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
   (c) A is true but R is false.
   (d) A is false but R is true.

10. Cardiac output in a healthy adult is approximately:
    (a) 2 litres (b) 3 litres (c) 5 litres (d) 7 litres

Section B — Very Short Answer (2 marks each)

1. Differentiate between plasma and serum.
2. State the percentage distribution and one function of neutrophils and basophils.
3. Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
4. What is the role of calcium ions in blood coagulation?
5. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems with one example each.
6. Define stroke volume and cardiac output. How are they related?

Section C — Short Answer (3 marks each)

1. Describe the composition of plasma and the functions of its major proteins.
2. Explain the role of different types of granulocytes in body defence.
3. What is meant by double circulation? Why is it advantageous in birds and mammals?
4. Describe the structure and location of the sino-atrial node and atrio-ventricular node. Why is the SAN called the pacemaker?
5. Write three differences between blood and lymph.

Section D — Long Answer (5 marks each)

1. Describe the structure of the human heart with a labelled diagram of its internal structure showing septa, valves and major blood vessels. Explain how the valves ensure unidirectional flow of blood.
2. Explain the events of a cardiac cycle in a sequential manner. How is the duration of one cardiac cycle calculated? What is the significance of heart sounds?
3. What are the various disorders of the circulatory system? Describe hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina and heart failure with their causes and symptoms.

Section E — Case/Source-Based (4 marks each)

Case 1

During a blood donation camp, a person with blood group O donated blood. Later, it was noted that an Rh–ve mother had delivered her first child and was advised an injection of anti-Rh antibodies.

(a) Why is blood group O called the universal donor? (1)
(b) What precaution must be taken before any blood transfusion? (1)
(c) Why is anti-Rh antibody injection given to the Rh–ve mother after the first delivery? (1)
(d) Name the condition that may affect the foetus in subsequent pregnancies if the above precaution is not taken. (1)

Case 2

A 55-year-old person reports acute chest pain while climbing stairs. ECG shows abnormality and the doctor suspects narrowing of coronary vessels due to fatty deposits.

(a) Name the disorder and its common cause. (1)
(b) What is the difference between this condition and a heart attack? (1)
(c) How does the hepatic portal system differ from coronary circulation? (1)
(d) Mention one way by which cardiac output can be increased by neural regulation. (1)